CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 An Overview of the Chapter
This
chapter presents, background to the problem, statement of the problem,
objective of the study, research questions, significance of the study and
limitations of the study.
1.1 Background to the Problem
Semi-sedentary
refers to nomads (people) who dwell in villages for part of the year and
cultivate their fields, but who at other times keep to a pastoral way of life
and dwell in tents. This means that it is not primarily distinguished between
mountains and steppe nomads, or between camel nomads and keepers of small
cattle; rather this classification is dependent of the significance of
agriculture for the society for the society in question (Lemche,
1985).
Remarkably,
the research problem, Investigation of The Problem Facing Semi Sedentary Cattle
Rearing at Isoso Village in Kishapu Council is a serious event that is a
practical and personal experience among the inhabitants who live at Isoso
village in Kishapu council. Peoples life depends much on cattle keeping.
Occasionally, the problem lead to under development of many pastoralists yearly
where by many cows died consecutively. Highly, cattle are dependent much by
inhabitants of Isoso village because they help them in plighting, providing
beef, providing foreign currency and source of family prestige. Hence, in order
to manipulate the high standard life of these local farmers different research
should be done to avoid future occurring problems at Isoso village.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Isoso
village is the populated villages in Kishapu council which grows very quickly
due to different socio – economic activities that daily or seasonal take place
in the village. These activities mainly include business, crops animal farming
and animal keeping. The mentioned activities particularly animal keeping in
case of cattle is adversely affected by seasonal climatic change in the area
which cause the shortage of rainfall and sometimes long draught occur for
almost six months it ranges from June to November. The climatic condition in
the area attributes drying of fauna and lack of water.
Therefore,
this field study intends to identify and examine challenges facing Semi
sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso village.
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
To
investigate the problems that facing Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso
village as a case study in Kishapu council.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
i.
To define the term Semi-Sedentary cattle
rearing.
ii.
To identify and examine challenges facing
Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso village.
iii.
To highlight ways of preventing the
problem facing cattle rearing at Isoso village.
1.4 Research Questions
The
nature of this study was descriptive hence; the research questions were used as
follow:
- What is Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing?
- Whic h challenges face Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso village?
- To what extent such challenges affect developmental progress in the study community?
- What should be done to those problems that facing Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso village?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This
field study of investigation of the problem facing Semi-Sedentary cattle
rearing at Isoso village as a case study in Kishapu council was very worth due
to the following reasons:
The
study was able to know the comprehensive problems that were facing Semi-Sedentary
cattle rearing at Isoso village as a case study in Kishapu council.
The
study enabled the Kishapu council government, ward authority and streets
leaders to understand well the main problems that encounter pastoralists at
Isoso village.
This
study tried to wake up the ward veterinary Officer to visit pastoralists at
Isoso village frequently and give them critical advices.
From
this research the national level will take serious measures to help local
pastoralist at Isoso village in Kishapu council in order to maintain their
value in whole process of cattle keeping.
1.6 Limitations of the Study
During
the time of whole process of conducting this research activating the following
were problems that a researcher met with:
Poor
readiness of the respondents to give the concise information, time factor was
seen as a problem, distance from one street to another was another challenge
and poor capital/finance to drive the research activities.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 An Overview of the Chapter
This
chapter presents the literature review as per the research objectives in which
it shows the meaning of semi-sedentary cattle rearing and the slight background
of semi-sedentary cattle faming in Tanzania and East Africa, it identifies and examines
the challenges facing semi-sedentary cattle rearing and the ways to overcome
those challenges. After that the researcher presents the knowledge gap of the
study in which the basis of this study started from.
2.1 Semi-Sedentary Cattle Rearing
This
refers to form of agriculture aimed at producing cattle rather than other
domestic animals/livestock where pastoralists Settled and engage with other
activities without moving from one place to another. Normally the whole process
of keeping cattle becomes very difficult to handle due to the fact that the
problems are inheritable to the given geographical location. Obviously the
problem facing Semi-Sedentary cattlemen is very common in different parts of
the world (ODI, 1996).
In
East Africa, countries such as Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda are widely practicing
Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing. The main reared cattle (animals) are native
cattle of poor quality who are easily subjected to diseases, lack of pasture
and water. In the extensive areas of dry land of savannah such as the Maasai
steppe offer the grazing ground for a limited period of time in the year. Previously
the growth rate of cows was very higher but nowadays the rate is very low
because of climatic changes in these regions (Hornborg et al, 2007).
More
than 30% of Tanzania land surface is arid and Semi-arid. The cattle rearing
activities mostly is Semi-Sedentary. The tribes such as Sukuma, Datoga and Tiogo
are mainly one. The Datoga tribes are Nilotic people known very well in
Tanzania as Semi-Sedentary cattle farmers of Northern Tanzania these people
also face various problems in keeping their cattle (Andreae, 1981).
2.2 The Challenges Facing Semi Sedentary Cattle Rearing
The
capacity of rangelands as a source of food for livestock and securing sustainable
livelihoods of pastoralists has been drastically reduced due to a combination
of factors including degradation due to overgrazing, expansion of cultivation
and desertification of large tracks of arid and semi-arid lands. A general
trend is a decreasing contribution of range to livestock feed and an increasing
contribution of other types of feed as wheat straw and stubble, standing barley
crop and barley grains, and agro-industrial by-products. In Tunisia the
utilization of supplements by small ruminants increased from 0-80% in three
decades. The link with cultivation areas became stronger and the period spent
in those areas is becoming longer. The value of rangelands for traditional
livestock production systems in some countries of the region is still high
despite the decline in the proportion of animal feed provided by this source
(Trevor, 1999).
Iran
|
39
|
Libya
|
20
|
Oman*
|
40 – 75
|
Sudan
|
65 – 80
|
Syria Steppe
|
10 – 40
|
Tunisia
|
10 – 25
|
Yemen
|
40
|
Source: (Trevor, 1999)
*40% in
the north and 75% in Dhofar corresponds to 2000 estimate; however, the
percentage for Dhofar has declined and may range from 40 to 50% at present.
According
to Marina,
(1993) a
variety of livestock diseases imposes losses in flocks and herds reduce their
performance and cause economic losses by their owners. Internal and external
parasites also cause problems. Nomadic and semi-nomadic herds, particularly
those that cross international boundaries may be subjected to diseases not
common in their home countries. In most cases they receive less veterinary care
when compared to sedentary herds close to animal health services. Health and
nutrition are interdependent a condition that becomes more prominent during
drought. Vulnerability of livestock to diseases is known to increase during drought
which forms environmental and nutritional stress.
Aballa
(1992) said that the vast areas of the Near East region are classified as
rangelands dominated by arid and semi-arid climate, with low and erratic
precipitation, high risks of severe drought and critical shortage of grazing
and water. The region is one of the centers of domestication of livestock.
Rangelands (steppe, desert, savannah and mountain grazing) cover the largest
area under one type of land use in the region. FAO statistics for 2005 indicated
that permanent meadows and pasture cover 504 million hectors (Pakistan and
Turkey not included). They contribute to the livelihoods of millions of Bedouin
and sedentary communities and provide the basis for a variety of livestock
production systems. Rangelands are by far the cheapest source of livestock feed
providing variable proportions of the feed requirements of different types of
livestock.
Abir
(2005) asserts that in Saudi Arabia limited projects of
land reclamation and attempts to settle semi-sedentary famers were carried out
by Abdul Aziz. The major obstacle of semi-sedentary faming was that 99% of
Saudi Arabia’s land was considered unsuitable for agriculture and very little
water to be found in the country. The development of agriculture was essential
to make Saudi Arabia a sizable importer of foodstuffs more self-sufficient.
2.3 Measures to be taken to Avoid Problems Facing
Semi-Sedentary Cattle Rearing
Despite
its growing importance, livestock production in sedentary farming is a field neglected
both by policy-makers and by researchers. The importance of livestock to
household welfare, fertility maintenance and production is still
under-recognized in many developing countries. But livestock production
extension faces the additional institutional problem of being marginal to both
agricultural extension and animal health services (ODI, 1996).
ODI
(1996) continued saying the sedentary extension services have developed around
cattle production, and remain tied largely to the seasonal nature of raring.
Such a system is less useful for livestock production, with a longer time-scale
and lack of synchronisation of different animals and herds.
Therefore,
livestock services and the ministries or departments that are responsible for
them, are mainly run by vets, and focus on animal health issues: curative
treatment of individual animals, preventive health, and health screening of
animal products.
2.4 Knowledge Gap
Different
scholars have discussed the challenges facing semi-sedentary cattle rearing in
different parts of the world. Those scholars are like ODI
(1996), Abir (2005), Aballa
(1992) and Trevor (1999). These scholars discussed about the challenges that
semi-sedentary cattle rearing face and the possible measures to the problem.
Despite
the efforts made by the above scholars, little is researched/studied about the
semi-sedentary cattle rearing in which this study is going to get into details
to identify the challenges and measures to the challenges facing semi-sedentary
cattle rearing specifically in Isoso Village at Kishapu District. This was
where this study obtained its gap of knowledge.
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 An Overview of the Chapter
This
chapter presents the study area description,
research design, sampling procedures, data collection method, observation,
questionnaire technique and data analysis and presentation.
3.1 Study Area Description
Isoso
village is one of other villages which is found at Kishapu council in Shinyanga
region. The village is situated on the North side of Mhunze town which is the
headquarter of Kishapu council. Also the village is found at grid reference of
latitude -3.53750271 and longitude 33.85070212. The village has six recognized
streets, these streets namely were:- Mhunze ya juu street, Karume street, Zaire
street, Mtakuja street, Mwabusiga street, and Pemba street. Isoso village has
got about 2459 dwellers. 136 inhabitants engaged in pastoralism activity and
the kind of pastoralism was Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing. The stated dwellers
were per house hold. The number of cattle reared was approximately 3240 cows.
Mostly, the area is seriously affected by draught which leads to lack of
pasture and water. The village area had neither dams nor river for drinking
cattle. This condition pushed pastoralists to dig temporary wells “Makomelo”
for their cattle in order to get some water to drink. Also the village area is
more experienced dry season that yearly start from June to November.
3.2 Research Design
The
nature and kind of research design used in this study was survey research
design and evaluation. The researcher conducted survey to all pasturing areas
within Isoso village. Also the researcher visited the temporary dag wells for
drinking cows where the researcher evaluated different problems spoken by local
pastoralists in all six streets within the Isoso village.
3.3 Sampling Procedures
In
this research, the researcher used samples from the targeted population
(pastoralists) in order to obtain the intended data at a right time. Here the
researcher used probability and non probability sampling. In the probability
sampling the researcher Manipulated systematic and random samples from the
systematic sampling the researcher questioned Ward executive officer, Kishapu
ward veteran officer and street leaders. Moreover, in random sample the researcher
asked the local Semi-Sedentary pastoralists questions through the prepared
forms. In non-probability sampling the researcher conducted purposive sample
where he visited various areas and found respondents who were actively
participating in Semi-Sedentary cattle keeping at Isoso village.
3.4 Data Collection Method
A
researcher tried to use three different research techniques/tools to collect
consistency and validity information in visited research field. These tools
included:-
3.4.1 Observation
A
researcher visited various areas within the Isoso village as a case study where
he found the agricultural activities carrying on. The visited areas were
included Pasturing and water areas; Market for selling cattle at Mhunze town
and Kishapu ward veterinary Office. In the research field he used biological
senses such as touching, seeing and hearing. Thus, by using these common
cognitive senses the researcher gathered relevant data concerning with the
targeted problem. Also a researcher took different photographs of various characters
that were showing realistic problems which facing Semi – Sedentary pastoralists
at Isoso village in Kishapu council.
3.4.2 Questionnaire technique
In
this technique the researcher prepared written items/questions to which
respondents were required to respond by putting a mark where is possible
according to the weight of measures that were proposed by researcher.
3.5 Data analysis and presentation
The
information collected from the field and general researcher activities were
analyzed and presented by using tables, chart and photographs Tables and chart
showed the summarized data from the researcher activity while photographs
depict all features collected from the research field.
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CHAPTER FOUR
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Chapter Overview
The
chapter depicts both finding and discussion done between researcher and
selected population (pastoralist) of Isoso village as a case study in the
Kishapu council. A researcher findings and discussion had come with various
inevitable challenges that facing Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing people in this
village. In this study area, option and answers of the population were
represented by using tables and pie chart which showed the percentage of
discussed problems. Also, all details studied in the study field were depicted
by pictures. Moreover, the measures to revamp those problems proposed by
agriculturalists and researcher were presented by using table.
4.2 Problem facing Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso
village in Kishapu council
The
great extent of the problems that facing local Semi – Sedentary cattle rears at
Isoso village as a case study was discussed and presented. The researcher used
the same interview to ask questions 60 respondents who dealt with cattle
keeping at the given area. Analytically, 6 people were street leaders, one was
ward veteran, one was ward executive officer and 52 respondents were
pastoralists. Therefore, 60 respondents participated strictly in all interviews
and prepared questionnaires and their answers were relating to the research
problem.
Question
1: What is the problem that facing Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso
village?
The
answers provided by the respondents were shown in the table below as follow:
Table 1: The problem that facing
Semi-Sedentary cattle rearing at Isoso village
Problems observed
|
Mwabusiga street
|
Pemba street
|
Mhunze ya juu street
|
Karume street
|
Mtakuja street
|
Zaire street
|
||||||
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
|
Freq
|
%
|
|
Lack
of pasture and water
|
7
|
70%
|
6
|
60%
|
4
|
33.3%
|
5
|
50%
|
3
|
30%
|
6
|
75%
|
Infectious
pests and diseases
|
4
|
40%
|
3
|
30%
|
3
|
25%
|
2
|
20%
|
3
|
30%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
Lack
of veterans
|
3
|
30%
|
5
|
50%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
4
|
40%
|
4
|
40%
|
2
|
25%
|
Poor
education
|
2
|
20%
|
2
|
20%
|
3
|
25%
|
2
|
20%
|
2
|
20%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
Fake
pesticides
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
4
|
33.5%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
Low
price of cattle
|
3
|
30%
|
4
|
40%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
1
|
10%
|
4
|
40%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
Poor
government support
|
4
|
40%
|
2
|
20%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
3
|
30%
|
3
|
30%
|
2
|
25%
|
From
the data obtained in the research field and presented in the table 01 shown
that 70% of the respondents said much about lack of pasture and water in
Mwabusiga Street, 60% in Pemba Street, 33.3% in Mhunze Street, 50% in Karume
Street, 30% in Mtakuja Street and 75% in Zaire Street.
Again
40% said about infectious pests and diseases in Mwabusiga Street, 30% in Pemba
Street, 25% in Mhunze Street, 20% in Karume Street, 30% in Mtakuja Street and
37.5% in Zaire Street.
Furthermore,
30% of respondents said about lack of veterans in Mwabusiga Street, 50% in
Pemba Street, 8.3% in Mhunze Street, 40% in Karume Street, 40% in Mtakuja
Street and 25% in Zaire Street.
Not
only that but also 20% of the respondents said about poor education in
Mwabusiga Street, 20% in Pemba Street, 25% in Mhunze Street, 20% in Karume
Street, 20% in Mtakuja Street and 37.5% in Zaire Street.
The
other challenge was 20% said about lack of pesticides in Mwabusiga Street, 10%
in Pemba Street, 33.5% in Mhunze Street, 20% in Karume Street, 10% in Mtakuja
Street and 37.5% in Zaire Street.
Another
challenge was 30% who said that there was a low price of cattle in Mwabusiga
Street, 40% in Pemba Street, 16.7% in Mhunze Street, 10% in Karume Street, 40%
in Mtakuja Street and 12.5% in Zaire Street.
Finally,
40% of the respondents in Mwabusiga Street said about poor government support,
20% in Pemba Street, 16.7% in Mhunze Street, 30% in Karume Street, 30% in
Mtakuja Street and 25% in Zaire Street.
The
figure below indicates the problems discussed between a researcher and local
pastoralists at Isoso village as a case study.
The
findings shown that the challenges facing semi-sedentary cattle rearing in
Isoso village are: lack of pasture and water 41%, lack of veterinarians 17%,
poor government support 13%, poor education among them 10%, infectious pests’
diseases 7%, low prices in the market when selling cattle 7% and lock or poor
pesticides 5%.
Generally,
Isoso village has big problems facing local cattle keepers.
 |
| Figure 2: Dry pasturing areas and poor water |
This
above photograph is showing the very dry area during the dry season in which
the cattle keepers use to feed their cattle. The area is very dry and no
pasture. Again the photo shows the poor (dirty) water that the cattle drink in
dry season. In is the big challenge as observed by the researcher.
 |
| Figure 3: Poor water used by semi-sedentary cattle keepers |
The
photograph above was the part of the researcher’s observation in which Isoso
village cattle keepers use for their cattle especially during dry season. This
happened to be the big challenge in which the cattle fail to withstand the
contaminated and poor water like this; therefore, the cattle fail to be good
for market pricing. The figure below shows the health of the cattle grazed in
poor pasture and poor and filthy water like this:
 |
| Figure 4: Poor cattle |
Therefore,
the main identified problems especially lack of pasturing and water was caused
by long drought which occurs from June to November per season. The situation
pushed many local pastoralists to migrate with cattle to other areas such as
Rukwa, Singida, Morogoro, Tabora and Mbeya for searching pasture and water.
4.3 Measures proposed to be taken to overcome the challenges
facing semi-sedentary cattle rearing
A
part from the problems observed in the research field, the respondents proposed
the critical measures to be taken in order to eradicate/avoid those problems
that facing local cattle rears in Kishapu council in case of Isoso village.
These measures were shown below by the following table 02 through the conducted
written questionnaire by putting mark where is possible according to the weight
of problem.
Table 2: Responded at Mwabusiga Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
3
|
30%
|
4
|
40%
|
3
|
30%
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
4
|
40%
|
5
|
50%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
1
|
10%
|
2
|
20%
|
5
|
50%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
2
|
20%
|
7
|
70%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
7
|
70%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
4
|
40%
|
_
|
0%
|
6
|
60%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
4
|
40%
|
_
|
0%
|
5
|
50%
|
The
respondents from Mwabusiga Street (10 respondents) were asked by the
respondents to identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges
of semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which is 40% agreed
that the government should educate local pastoralists, 30% were neutral, 30%
strongly agreed, while there were none of them disagreed nor strongly
disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 50% agreed, 40% strongly agreed, and 10% were neutral, while none
of them disagreed or strongly disagreed.
In
another option which was the availability of quality pesticides, 50% were
neutral, 20% agreed, 10% strongly agreed, 10% disagreed and 10% strongly
disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 70% agreed, 20% strongly
agreed, 10% disagreed while none of them were neutral or strongly disagreed.
70%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and wells
for cattle to drink, 10% agreed, 10% were neutral, and 10% strongly disagreed
while none of them disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 60% strongly disagreed,
and 40% were neutral while none were strongly disagreed, disagreed, agreed or
strongly disagreed.
50%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing, 40%
were neutral, and 10% agreed while none strongly agreed nor disagreed.
Table 3: Responded at Pemba Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
2
|
20%
|
4
|
40%
|
3
|
30%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
2
|
20%
|
6
|
60%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
5
|
50%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
2
|
20%
|
5
|
50%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
5
|
50%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
_
|
0%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
4
|
40%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
4
|
40%
|
_
|
0%
|
5
|
50%
|
The
respondents from Pemba Street (10 respondents) were asked by the respondents to
identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges of
semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which are 40% agreed
that the government should educate local pastoralists, 30% were neutral, 20%
strongly agreed, 10% disagreed while there were none of them strongly
disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 60% agreed, 20% strongly agreed, 10% were neutral, and 10%
disagreed while none of them strongly disagreed.
In
another option which was the availability of quality pesticides, 50% were
neutral, 30% agreed, 10% strongly agreed, 10% strongly disagreed and none of them
disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 50% agreed, 20% strongly
agreed, 20% were neutral, 10% disagreed while none of them strongly disagreed.
50%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and
wells for cattle to drink, 30% were neutral, 10% agreed, 10% strongly disagreed
while none of them disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 40% strongly disagreed,
30% disagreed, 20% agreed, 10% were neutral while none were strongly agreed.
50%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing,
40% were neutral, and 10% agreed while none were strongly agreed nor disagreed.
Table 4: Responded at Mhunze ya Juu
Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
2
|
16.7%
|
6
|
50%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
5
|
41.7%
|
3
|
25%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
2
|
16.7%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
6
|
50%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
_
|
0%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
2
|
16.7%
|
7
|
58.3%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
5
|
41.7%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
_
|
0%
|
2
|
16.7%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
5
|
41.7%
|
_
|
0%
|
6
|
50%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
1
|
8.3%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
4
|
33.3%
|
1
|
8.3%
|
5
|
41.7%
|
The
respondents from Mhunze Street (12 respondents) were asked by the respondents
to identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges of
semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which is 50% agreed that
the government should educate local pastoralists, 16.7% strongly agreed, 16.7%
were neutral, 8.3% disagreed, and 8.3% strongly disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 41.7% strongly agreed, 25% agreed, 16.7% disagreed, 8.3% were
neutral, and 8.3 were strongly disagreed.
In
another option which was the availability of quality pesticides, 50% were
neutral, 16.7% strongly agreed, 16.7% agreed, 16.7% disagreed and none of them
strongly disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 58.3% agreed, 16.7% strongly
agreed, 16.7% were neutral, 8.3% disagreed while none of them strongly
disagreed.
41.7%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and
wells for cattle to drink, 16.7% agreed, 16.7% strongly disagreed, and 8.3%
were neutral, while none of them disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 50% strongly disagreed,
41.7% were neutral, 8.3% agreed while none were strongly agreed, or disagreed.
41.7%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing, 33.3%
were neutral, 8.3% strongly agreed and 8.3% agreed and 8.3% were disagreed.
Table 5: Responded at Zaire Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
2
|
25%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
3
|
37.5%
|
2
|
25%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
1
|
12.5%
|
2
|
25%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
2
|
25%
|
4
|
50%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
3
|
37.5%
|
2
|
25%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
6
|
75%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
12.5%
|
3
|
37.5%
|
_
|
0%
|
4
|
50%
|
The
respondents from Zaire Street (8 respondents) were asked by the respondents to
identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges of
semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which is 37.5% agreed
that the government should educate local pastoralists, 37.5% were neutral, 25%
strongly agreed, while there were none of them disagreed nor strongly
disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 37.5% strongly agreed, 25% agreed, 12.5% were neutral, 12.5%
disagreed and 12.5% strongly disagreed.
In
the other strategy which was the availability of quality pesticides, 37.5% were
neutral, 25% agreed, 12.5% strongly agreed, 12.5% disagreed and 12.5% strongly
disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 50% agreed, 25% strongly
agreed, 12.5% were neutral, and 12.5% disagreed while none of them strongly
disagreed.
37.5%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and
wells for cattle to drink, 25% agreed, 12.5% were neutral, 12.5% disagreed and
12.5% strongly disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 75% strongly disagreed,
12.5% were neutral, and 12.5% disagreed while none of them strongly agreed or
agreed.
50%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing, 37.5%
were neutral, and 12.5% agreed while none of them strongly agreed nor
disagreed.
Table 6: Responded at Mtakuja
Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
3
|
30%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
3
|
30%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
1
|
10%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
5
|
50%
|
2
|
20%
|
_
|
0%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
2
|
20%
|
6
|
60%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
5
|
50%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
2
|
20%
|
_
|
0%
|
6
|
60%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
1
|
10%
|
4
|
40%
|
The
respondents from Mtakuja Street (10 respondents) were asked by the respondents
to identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges of
semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which is 30% agreed that
the government should educate local pastoralists, 30% were neutral, 20%
disagreed, 10% strongly agreed and 10% strongly disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 30% strongly agreed, 30% disagreed, 20% agreed, 10% were neutral
and 10% strongly disagreed.
In
another option which was the availability of quality pesticides, 50% were
neutral, 20% strongly agreed, 20% disagreed, 10% agreed while none of them
strongly disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 60% agreed, 20% strongly
agreed, 10% were neutral, 10% disagreed while none of them strongly disagreed.
50%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and
wells for cattle to drink, 20% agreed, 10% were neutral, 10% disagreed and 10%
strongly disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 60% strongly disagreed,
20% were neutral, 10% strongly agreed, and 10% agreed while none of them
disagreed.
40%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing, 30%
were neutral, and 10% strongly agreed, 10% agreed, and 10% disagreed.
Table
7: Responded at Karume Street
Measures to be taken
|
Strongly agree
|
Agree
|
Neutral
|
Disagree
|
Strongly disagree
|
||||||
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
Freq
|
(%)
|
||
i
|
Government
should educate local Pastoralists
|
3
|
30%
|
4
|
40%
|
3
|
30%
|
_
|
0%
|
_
|
0%
|
ii
|
Veteran
should visit and instruct local Pastoralists
|
4
|
40%
|
4
|
40%
|
1
|
10%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
iii
|
Availability
of quality pesticides
|
2
|
20%
|
2
|
20%
|
3
|
30%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
iv
|
Availability
of stable market for selling cattle
|
3
|
30%
|
4
|
40%
|
2
|
20%
|
1
|
10%
|
_
|
0%
|
v
|
Construction
of long life dams and wells for drinking cattle
|
6
|
60%
|
1
|
10%
|
2
|
20%
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
vi
|
Government
should employ enough veterans
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
1
|
10%
|
5
|
50%
|
vii
|
Shifting
to sedentary cattle rearing
|
_
|
0%
|
1
|
10%
|
3
|
30%
|
1
|
10%
|
5
|
50%
|
The
respondents from Karume Street (10 respondents) were asked by the respondents
to identify the strategies to be applied to combat the challenges of
semi-sedentary cattle rearing. Most of the respondents which is 40% agreed that
the government should educate local pastoralists, 30% were neutral, 30%
strongly agreed, while there were none of them disagreed nor strongly
disagreed.
In
another strategy they which are the veterans should visit and instruct local
pastoralists, 40% agreed, 40% strongly agreed, 10% were neutral and 10%
disagreed while none of them strongly disagreed.
In
another option which was the availability of quality pesticides, 30% were
neutral, 20% strongly agreed, 20% agreed, 20% disagreed and 10% strongly disagreed.
In
availability of stable market for selling cattle, 40% agreed, 30% strongly
agreed, 20% were neutral and 10% disagreed while none of them strongly
disagreed.
60%
strongly agreed that there should be the construction of long-life dams and
wells for cattle to drink, 20% were neutral, 10% agreed and 10% strongly
disagreed while none of them disagreed.
In
the strategy “government should employ enough veterans” 50% strongly disagreed,
30% were neutral, 10% disagreed and 10% agreed while none were strongly agreed.
50%
strongly disagreed that there should be a shift to sedentary cattle rearing, 30%
were neutral, 10% agreed and 10% disagreed while none of them strongly agreed.
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Chapter overview
This
section of conclusion and recommendation make the general summaries of a
researcher findings by using the data obtained from the study field.
Again
the chapter indicates various suggestion of the researcher about the measures
to be taken in order to avoid further problems that facing Semi – Sedentary
cattle rearing with the nearly collected opinions from the participated
respondents.
5.2 Conclusions
According
to the data obtained from the research field showed that the extent of problem
facing Semi – Sedentary cattle rears was very high in Kishapu council in case
of Isoso village as shown from the table 1. The table shown that 41% of the
respondents proved that there was a big problem of pasturing and water
especially from August to November. Also another problem of lack of veterans
took 17% of the respondents, 13% of the respondents lamented about poor
government support and 10% of the respondents claimed about poor education
among themselves about the proper way of keeping valued cattle. More over 7% of
the respondents consecutively spoke about seasonal infectious diseases and low
price of the cattle in the available market that situation caused inhabitants
to dig temporary wells for drinking their cattle by fetching some water from
the shallow wells.
Lack
of pasture and water, Lack of Pasture caused many cows to die the condition was
experienced by researcher in which cattle sometimes eat sands and other debris
found on the pasturing areas. The village area had neither dams nor river for
drinking cattle. This condition pushed pastoralists to dig temporary wells
“Makomelo” for their cattle in order to get some water to drink. Also the
village area is more experienced dry season that yearly start from June to
November.
Poor
education, many cattlemen seemed to have little knowledge about keeping cattle
of more profit.
Due
to that, they had neglected to shift from Semi-Sedentary to Sedentary cattle
rearing which could uplift their life.
Low
price, this was another problem that was studied in the research field.
Normally the cattlemen depend much on the local market of Mhunze for selling
their cattle rather than outside market. The price become very low especially
in November to January seasonally, it is caused by poor health of cattle.
Sometimes even healthy cows that could be sold at a price of 1,000,000/= was
sold at the price of 500,000/= to 600,000/=.
Fake
pesticides, the use of fake pesticides frequently by cattle men attributed the
cows not to get well. They tend to buy these pesticides from the Agro vet shop
with the aid of advice from the sellers who have poor advice just intending to
earn profit from the pastoralist instead of suffixing the basic need of the
cattlemen.
Poor
government support, the government had failed to support local cattlemen by
providing them with special created reserve that could help pastoralists to use
in case of pasturing. Also it failed to dig long life dams and wells for
drinking cattle. Nevertheless it hadn’t to provide regular education to its
agency organs concern to change these local cattlemen to keep their cattle in a
modern method.
Infectious
pests and diseases, seasonally many cattle are invaded by different pests and
diseases which in turn affect much the quality of cattle. The attacking pests
were tsetse flies, Mange mites, and Ticks. Different diseases studied were foot
route, foot and mouth diseases (FMD) those occur during the rainy season. Also
other common diseases were Anaplasmosis, East Cost Fever (ECF), Heart water,
Babesiosis and Trypanosomiasis.
5.3 Recommendations
From
the study of the investigation of various problems that facing Semi – Sedentary
cattle rearing at Isoso village as a case study in Kishapu council I have
studied and experienced inevitable problems which are part and parcel to local
pastoralists of this village.
The
various problems observed such as lack of pasture and water, lack of veterans
seasonal attacking diseases, price fluctuation of the cattle poor government
support and usage of fake pesticides. Due to that, the following were
suggestions about the mentioned problems.
(i)
The Government through ward executive
officer, ward veteran Officer and streets leaders should educate local
pastoralists to change from their system of rearing cattle to modern ways in
order to avoid the frequently occurring problems.
(ii) The
government should make comprehensive policy to all pastoralist country wide in
order to overcome experienced problems indifferent areas as had been seen at
Isoso village in Kishapu council.
(iii) Permanent
dams and wells purposely foe drinking cattle should be launched immediately to
revamp the observed problem of water.
(iv) The
number of cattle should be reduced there the local pastoralist must be
obligated to shift from Semi – Sedentary to Sedentary cattle keeping in order
to reduce these problems.
(v) Veterans
should be employed enough to match with the number of client.
(vi) Pharmacies
should make a through testament of the imported pesticides before to be used by
local farmers.
REFERENCES
Aballa, A. J. (1992). Babanusa
Settlement Ranches A Case Example of Induced Nomadic Sedentarization What Went
Wrong. Retrieved from: http://www.eolss.net/
sample-chapters/c10/E5-35-04.pdf
Abir, M. (2005). Oil,
Power and Politics: Conflict of Asian and African Studies. Jerusalem: Rutledge
Publishers Ltd.
Andreae, B. (1981). Farming,
Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography. Berlin: Walter de
Gruyter.
Hornborg, A., McNeill, J. R. and Alier,
J. M. (2007). Rethinking Environmental History: World-system History and Global
Environmental Change. New York: Altamira Press.
Lemche, N. P. (1985). Early Israel:
Anthropological and Historical Studies on the Israelite Society before the
Monarchy. Netherlands: Leiden E. J. Brill.
Marina, L. (1993). Links between the
Steppe and Cultivated Areas through Migration: the Socio-Economic Organisation
of Production of the Semi-nomadic Agro-pastoral Society of the Syrian Steppe.
Vol. I. Retrieved from: http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/E5-35-04.pdf
ODI (1996). Natural Resources
Perspectives: Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opi
nion-files/2967.pdf
Trevor, W. R. (1999). Range Dependent Small
Ruminant Production Systems in the Near East Region: A Training Manual for
Characterization and Analysis. Retrieved from: http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c10/E5-35-04.pdf
APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE
(i)
What are problems that facing Semi-Sedentary
cattle rearing at Isoso village?
(ii)
What measures should be taken to avoid
problems that facing cattlemen at Isoso village?
(iii) Briefly,
give out recommendations about the problems that facing Semi – Sedentary cattle
rearing at Isoso village?
Choose
the correct letter from the following questions.
(i) What
is the most problem among these which facing Semi – Sedentary rears at Isoso
village?
a) Infectious
pests and diseases
b) Lack
of pasture and water
c) Low
price of cattle
d) Poor
government support
e) Lack
of veterans
(ii) What
is the source of lack of pasture and water?
a. Deforestation
b. Keeping
many animals
c. Long
drought
d. A
forestation
e. Lack
of enough veterans
(iii) What
ways should be taken to avoid problems that facing Semi – Sedentary cattle
rearing?
a. Providing
regular education to cattlemen
b. Giving
them much money
c. Killing
of many cattle
d. Paying
enough bride price
e. No
answer
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